MALAYALIM LANGUAGE. 77
115. The present is formed by removing the final ഉ from the present
indicative; as,
Present Indicative, സഹായിക്കുന്നു.
Present Participle, സഹായിക്കുന്ന.
116. The past is made by removing the final ഉ from the past tense of
the indicative, when the verbs end in ഉ. If the verb end in ഇ by ad-
ding യ; except when ഇ is preceded by യ, in which case the participle
is made by removing the final ഇ; as,
| PAST TENSE. | PAST PARTICIPLE. |
| സഹായിച്ചു, | സഹായിച്ച. |
| ചൊല്ലി, | ചൊല്ലിയ. |
| പൊയി, | പൊയ. |
117. Participles present cannot be used as verbal participles.
Past participles may be used either as verbal or relative.
118. Verbal participles cannot be used as adjectives, or substantives,
like the English participles. They invariably require the addition of a
governing noun or pronoun, and final verb in order to distinguish number,
person, and tense; as,
ഞാൻ വന്ന കണ്ടു. I came and saw: lit. I having come, saw.
119. Participles are here called relative, because when placed in a
certain position in the sentence they convey the power of the English
relative pronouns, who, which, that; besides retaining the meaning of the
participle. They can precede no verbs, but are followed by nouns, or
pronouns with which they agree as adjectives; thus,
സംസാരിക്കുന്ന പൈതൽ. The child who is speaking.
ചത്ത പശു. The cow which died; or the dead cow.
VERBAL NOUNS.23
120. Verbal nouns are of two kinds, abstract and personal.
1st. VERBAL ABSTRACT NOUN.
സഹായിക്ക. A helping.
അവർ എല്ലാവരും കെൾക്കെ അവൻ ൟ ആളിനൊട
സംസാരിച്ചു.
He spake to this person in the audience of all.
23 See para 58, Rules 11 and 12, on the formation of these nouns.
