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196. What is the affix used for abstract nounal der-
ivatives?
'Ma' and 'ttanam'. (N. B. The 'a' in 'ma' is palatal.)
Ex: aṭima (=slavery); áṇma (=manliness); kónma, kóyma
(=princedom); Malayáyma = Malayázhma = Malayálam (= the
hilly country); kaḷḷattanam (=theft) etc.
197. What are the principal Sanskrit taddhita affixes?
i) 'Vat' (=becoming 'ván', 'vate', and 'vattŭ' for the
three genders) and 'mat' (=man, mati, mattŭ).
Ex: mas. guṇaván (=a virtuous man), fem. guṇavati, neut.
guṇavattŭ; buddhimán (= a sensible man), buddhimati, bud-
dhimattŭ.
ii.) 'šáli'.
Ex: dheiryyasáli (= dheiryyaván) (= a courageous man),
ar̥ivušáli (= a learned man).
iii.) 'Káran', 'kári', 'káram'.
Ex: purushakáram or purusháram (= manliness); pújári
(=a priest); paṇikkáran (= a workman, a servant); paṇa-
kkáran (=a monied man); kutirakkáran (= a horseman,
a horsekeeper); vélakkáran (= a servant); panakkáratti (= a
monied woman) etc.
iv.) 'Twam', 'ta', 'yam'.
Ex: prabhutwam (= lordship, leadership); changgátitwam or
changngáyittam (=companionship); áṇatwam (= manliness);
krúrata (= cruelty); múḍhata (= folly); šúrata (= heroism);
mauḍhyam (=folly).
These last-named (iv.) are abstract nouns.
