ഗുണ്ടർട്ടിന്റെ മലയാളം—ഇംഗ്ലീഷ് നിഘണ്ടു/Notes by The Publisher
←Preface | ഗുണ്ടർട്ടിന്റെ മലയാളം—ഇംഗ്ലീഷ് നിഘണ്ടു Notes by The Publisher |
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[ 63 ] NOTES BY THE PUBLISHER.
1. The Transliteration, adopted for the leading words upon Dr. Lepsius's system, is mainly given to assist European students of the language, who may feel the need of such a help. This system follows the pronunciation and is fully explained under the head "Trans- literation". Foreign words are usually trans- literated in their original shape. 2. Sanscrit Roots. It is necessary to |
in this Dictionary Dr. Gundert generally gives words according to this view as adopted by the authors of the St. Petersburg Dictio- nary. The roots which end in the above vowels will here be found ending in r, e.g. d ṛ is given as dar; d h ṛ as dhar; h ṛ as har. So also the numerous nouns signifying an agent which end in ṛ would here be given as ending in ar; e.g. kartṛ as kartar. So also diphthongs which terminate roots in the dhātupāṭha are considered as secondary, and thus instead of gai we find gā; and sā instead of sō. Natives of India who consult Dr. Gundert's work must not be led away by the idea that the only right or possible ways of representing Sans- crit roots and words are those which Indian Grammarians have found convenient. A little experience will convince them that the contrary is the case. 3. The Dravidian element in |
fying the prima facie conclusion that the one has borrowed from the other. Further, words commonly taken as Dravidian, will be found to have been imported; doubts regarding the origin of others are still entertained. The study and comparison of the Dravidian tongues, though at present carried on by a very few only, will, it is hoped, result in throwing more light on this in- teresting subject. 4. In the arrangement of the Al- 5. The long vowels ē (േ) and ō (േ-ാ) 6. Regarding the doubling of con- a) In Malayāḷam Compound Nouns, as a rule, b) In Compounds of Nouns and verbs, e.g. |
as e.g. തങ്ങളെക്കൊണ്ടു, എന്നെച്ചൊല്ലി etc. it cannot be spared. c) In Compounds of Verbs with Verbs redu- 7. A complete list of Abbreviations of a) A fullstop after the first syllable implies b) An apostrophe (') after the first syllable c) The dash(—) marks the omission of either d) A dash (—), hyphen (-) or ellipsis (...) 8. The virāma (˘) indicates: a) That the consonant over which it is plac- |
after it, e.g., കീഴ്, ശുഭ്. It is used also to indicate an arbitrary division of words in a sentence which would otherwise be written continuously, e.g. തരളം p. 432 പ രബ്രഹ്മത്തോട് ഒന്നിച്ച് അദ്വൈതമായി reads: പരബ്രഹ്മത്തോടൊന്നിപ്പദ്വൈതമാ യി. This is done for the convenience, of the reader. b) To show the real and accurate pronun- 9. The mark of quotation (“ ”) either 10. The different species of animals, plants Parts of plants etc. are enumerated under Certain Compounds, which are not to be |
Again regarding a number of Sanscrit compounds, ƒ.i. വി–ദ്രുമം, വി–പ്ര–ലംബം etc. additional in- formation may be gathered by referring to the simple word. 11. It need scarcely be said that, in seeking In fact every leading article should be read Hints thrown out here and there in the 12. The Appendix furnishes supple- Though the Publisher as well as the Editor, |
a Vowels. (§ § 10-85)1)
അ | a | as a in about | എ | e | as ea in head | ||
ആ | ấ | „ a „ far | ഏ | ē | „ ea „swear | ||
ഇ | i | „ i „ pin | ഐ | ei,ai | M. | as ei in height | |
ൟ | ī | „ i „ police | ai,ei | s. | as ai in kaiser | ||
ഉ | u 2) „ u „ full | ഒ | o | as o in collect | |||
ഊ | ū | „ u „ rule | ഓ | ō | „ o „vote | ||
ഋ | ṛ | vocalized r | ഔ | au | „ ou „ house | ||
ൠ | ṝ | do. ṝ | lengthened | അം | aṃ | „ um „ fulcrum | |
ഌ | ḷi | vocalized l | അഃ | aḥ,aഃ | vocalized h | ||
ൡ | ḷī | do. l | lengthened |
b. Consonants. (§ § 36–68)
1. a. Initial.3)
ക | ka | as ka in kalendar | ധ | dha | the same aspirated |
ഖ | kha | the same aspirated | ന | na | the true dental na |
ഗ | ga | as ga in gallon | പ | pa | as pa in parental |
ഘ | gha | the same aspirated | ഫ | pha | the same aspirated |
ങ | ṅa | as ñg in singing | ബ | ba | as ba in balloon |
ച | ča | as cha in chapter | ഭ | bha | the same aspirated |
ഛ | čha | the same aspirated | മ | ma | as ma in maternal |
ജ | ĵa | as ja in Japan | യ | ya | as ya in yahoo (German j) |
ഝ | ĵh | the same aspirated | ര | ra | a palatal r |
ഞ | ṅa | as nya in banyan | റ | ŕa | a cerebral r (German r) |
ട | ṭa | the cerebral ta | ല | la | as la in laborious |
ഠ | ṭha | the same aspirated | വ | va | „ va in variety (soft English v) |
ഡ | ḍa | the cerebral da | ശ | ša | a palatal sh |
ഢ | ḍha | the same aspirated | ഷ | ša | a cerebral sh (English sh) |
ണ | ṇa | the cerebral na | സ | sa | as sa in salute |
ത | ta | the true dental ta | ഹ | ha | „ ha in harangue |
ഥ | tha | the same aspirated | ള | ḷa | a cerebral l |
ദ | da | the true dental da | ഴ | ḻa | a cerebro–palatal l |
ൿ k | ൺ ṇ | ൻ ń | മ്= ം m | ൕ y | ർ r | ൽ l | ൾ ḷ | ഴ് ḷ 1) |
c.Followed by a Consonant.
ക്ത kta | ക്വ kva | ക്ഷ kša | ഗ്ന gna | ഗ്ധ gdha |
ച്യ čya | ച്ശ്ര ččhra | ഛ്ശ ččha | ജ്ഞ jṅa | ജ്ഝ jjha |
ത്ഥ ttha | ത്ഥ്യ tthya | ത്ന tna | ദ്ധ ddha | ധ്ന dhna |
പ്ത pta | പ്ല pla | ബ്ദ bda | ബ്ര bra | |
ല്ബ lba | ശ്ച šča | സ്ക ska | ഷ്ക ška etc |
[യ്ക്ക yka | ൾ്ക്ക ḷka | ഴ്ക്ക ḷക | (യ്ക yɤ | ല്ക lɤa | ൾ്ക lɤa | ഴ്ക ḻɤa.] |
d. Doubled.
2) ക്ക kka | ങ്ങ ṅṅa | ||
ച്ച čča | ജ്ജ jja | ഞ്ഞ ṅṅa | |
ട്ട ṭṭa | ഡ്ഡ ḍḍa | ണ്ണ ṇṇa | |
ത്ത tta | ദ്ദ dda | ന്ന nna & ńńa 3) | |
പ്പ ppa | ബ്ബ bba | മ്മ mma | etc. 4) |
e. Following r (1). 5)
ൎക്ക rka | ൎഗ്ഗ rga | ൎച്ച rča | ൎജ്ജ rĵa | ൎണ്ണ rṇa | |
ൎത്ത rta | ൎദ്ദ rda | ൎന്ന rna | ൎപ്പ rpa | ബ്ബ rba | etc. |
2. Combined with Nasals. ( § § 83, 84) 6)
ങ്ക ṅga | (ംഖ ṅkha | ംഗ ṅġa | ഞ്ച ṅĵ | (ഞ്ഛ ṅċha) |
ഞ്ജ ṅĵ | ണ്ട ṇḍa | ണ്ഡ ṇḍa | ന്ത nda | |
ന്ദ nďa | മ്പ mba | ൻപ ńba | ംബ mḃa |
3. Between 2 Vowels. (§ § 36-48) 7)
ka ɤa | ഗ ġa | ച ĵa (ša) | ജ ĵa | ട ḍa | ഡ ḍa | |
ത ḋa | ദ ďa | പ ba | ബ ḃa | |||
കൃ ɤr | ഗൃ ġr | ജൃ ĵr | തൃ ơṛ | ദൃ ḋṛ | പൃ bṛ | ബൃ ḃṛ |
a. ൽ, besides expressing final l, serves also for Sanscrit ത് t, which in Malayā-
ḷam is pronounced l, f.i. in ഉൽ, തൽ, മൽ etc.; അത്ഭുതം, ഉത്സാഹം, താൽപൎയ്യം,
ചമൽകാരം, ഗല്ഗദം, etc. (These are in Sanscrit čamat-kära, gadgaďa, etc.).
b. ന & ൻ. The Malayāḷam has two different n, viz: the true dental ന (4th
Varga) and the Dravidian (dento-gingival) ൻ (6th Varga, page 523). The distinct
pronunciation of both is still in use, but not nowadays, (as is the case with the Tamil),
the consistent writing of the characters representing it.
The dental ന(n) occurring as initial and combining with the Dentals (nd, nth, nď,
ndh) is unmarked; but dental ന്ന (originating from ൻ+റ, see 523, & ന്ത) is marked
by a grave accent (ńń), Both have dental pronunciation. 1)
The Dravidian ൻ(ń), besides being final (ń), combines with റ in ന്റെ ńďē (Gen.
Sing), sometimes with പ in ൻപ (also written മ്പ) ńba, with മ in (Plur.) ന്മാർ
ńmār (=ൻമാർ), or it results from the phonetic change of ൽ(ല് & ത്) before മ 523,
and, in contradistinction to n combining with Dentals, this n is marked by a grave
accent and pronounced dento-gingivally.
As this ൻ preponderates between vowels it has been left unmarked in transcrip-
tion; all such n & nn (without the grave accent) point therefore to ൻ, ൻൻ and
are pronounced accordingly. 2)
c. റ (6th Varga) has three different pronunciations.3)
1. റ doubled (റ്റ) is marked ťťa (resembling tt in utter),
2. combined with ൻ (ന്റ) is marked ńďa (resembling nd in binder),
3. initial and medial റ is marked ŕ. [ 69 ]ab. | above. | BhadrD. Bh.D |
Bhadra Dīpam, or Bhadra Dīpa- pratišṭa. |
Abl. | Ablative (case). | ||
abr. | abridged. [lute manner. | Bhg. | Bhāgavatam. |
abs. | the case absolute, or in an abso- | Bhg V. | Bhāgavata Vyākhyānam. |
abstr.N. | abstract Noun. | Bhr. | Mahābhāratam. |
aC. | ancient Canarese. | BR.(BalR.) | Bāla Rāmāyaṇam. |
acc. | according to | Brhm P. | Brahmāṇḍa Purāṇam. |
Acc | Accusative (case). | Buch. | Buchanan J : a journey through Mysore, etc. London 1807, 3 Vol. |
A. D. | Anno Domini (the Christian era). | ||
adj. | adjective. | C. | Canarese (tongue). |
adj.P. | do. Participle. | c. | case. |
adv., advl. | adverb, adverbial | Cal. | Calicut. |
adv. P. | adverbial Participle. | Cal. KU. | Calicut Kēraḷa Utpatti. |
Adw. | Adwaitam. | Can. | Cannanore. |
Adw. S. | Adwaita Shatakam. | Carṇāmṛ. | Kŗšṇa-, or Rāma-Karṇāmṛtam. |
AK. | gnāna Kuṭhāram. (Cottayam). | Cart V. | Kārtavīryārjuna Katha. |
al. | alias, otherwise, elsewhere. | CatR. | Catechismus romanus, Rome. |
a M. | ancient Malayāḷam. | caus | causal. |
Amara S. (K.) | Amara Simham (Kōšam). | CC., (CCh.) | Cṛšṇa Charitam. |
a med. | ancient Medical Treatises in prose. | cfr. | confer = compare. |
Anach. | Anācharam | CG. | Cṛĭṇa Gātha. |
Anj. | Anjaḍі (poem). | Cheṙ. | Chēṙa-nāḍụ. |
a N. pr. | Nomen proprium, a proper name. | Chin. | Chinese (tongue). |
Арр. | Appendix. | Ċhintar. | Chintā-ratnam. |
AR. | Adhyātma Rāmāyaṇam. | Chint. R. (ChR) | Chintāmani Ratnam. |
Ar. | Arabic (tongue). [yam 1851. | Chir. doc. | Chiracal documents. |
Arb. | Arbuthnot A. J., Selections. Cotta- | Christ. | Christian. |
Arch. | Architecture. | ChS. | Chalana Shāstram. |
arith. | arithmetic, arithmetical. | ChVr. | Chaturdaša vŗttam. |
Asht. | Ašṭānga Hṛdayam. | Coch KM. | Cochi Këraḷa Māhātmyam. |
astrol. | astrology. | Co. KN. | Cōlattiri Kēraḷa Nāṭakam. |
astr(on.). | astronomy. | Col. | Cōla-nāḍụ. |
aT. | ancient Tamil. | coll. T. | colloquial Tamil. |
auxV. | auxiliary verb. | com. | commonly. |
B. | Bailey B.: Mal.-Engl. Dict. 1846. (& Scripture Transl.). |
comp. | compare, comparison. |
Compr. | Comparative. | ||
bef. | before. | Cond. | Conditional. |
bel. | below. | contr. | contracted. |
Beng. | Bengali (tongue). | corr. | corrupted, corruption. |
correl | correlative. | fr. | from. |
Срds. | Compounds. | freq V. | frequentative Verb. |
CrArj. | Cṛšṇārjuna Yuddham. | fut. | future tense. |
CrР. | Cṛši Pāṭṭụ (about agriculture). | G. | Greek (tongue). |
CS. | Kaṇacku Sāram. | Gan. | Ganita shāstram. |
Cur. | Curian G.: an Essay on the Mal. Syr. Church etc., Cottayam 1872. |
Ge. | German (tongue). |
gen. | generally. | ||
CV. | Causal Verb. (Madras 1863. | Gen. | Genitive (case). |
D. | Day F, the Land of the Perumals, | Genov. | Genovefa (Rom. Cath. poem). |
Dalkh. | Dakhāni (tongue). | Ger. | Gerund (gram.). |
Dat. | Dative (case). | GnP. | Gnāna-pāna. |
def V. | defective Verb. | Gōṇḍ | (a Dravidian language). |
den V. | denominative Verb. | Govt. | Government. |
der. | derivative. | GP. | Guṇa-pāṭham, Cottayam. |
desid. | desiderative (verb etc.) | gram.(m). | grammar, grammatical term. |
dict. | dictionary. | H. | Hindustāni (tongue). |
difft. | different. | Heb. | Hebrew (tongue). [pany. |
dim. | diminutive (noun). | H. C. | The Honorable East India Com- |
distr. | distributive. | HNK. (НК.) | Harināma Kīrtanam. |
DM. | Dēvi Māhātmyam. | hon. | honorary, honorific. |
DN. | Damayantī Nāṭakam. | Hor. (HV.) | Hōrā Vyākhyānam. |
doc. | document, documental. | Hung. | Hungarian (tongue). |
Drav. | Dravidian. | huntg. | hunting. |
E. | English; East (region). | Hyd. | Hyder Ali. |
EM. | Ēkādaŝi Māhātmyam. | id. | idem = the same. |
emph. | emphatic, emphatically. | i. e. | id est=that is. |
EP. | Eli Pāṭṭụ (about cats & rats). | imit. | imitative (sound). |
epist | epistolary (style). | imp. (impeṛs.) | impersonal. |
Eṙ. | Eṙa-nāḍụ. | Imper. | Imperative. |
esp. | especially. | indef. | indefinite. |
Esthn. | Esthonian (tongue). | Inf. | Infinitive. |
euph | euphemistic. | Interj. | Interjection. |
Eur | Europe, European. | insсr. | inscription. |
ex | example. | Instr. | Instrumental (case). |
expl. | an expletive or expletively. | Intens. | Intensive. |
f. | feminine gender. | inter. | interrogative. |
f. i. | for instance. | intr. | intransitive. |
fig | figuratively. | i. q. | id quod=the same as. |
Finn. | Finnic (languages). | J. | Jerdon C.T.: the Birds of India Calcutta 1862, 2 Vol. |
foll. | following. | Jew. Doc. | Jewish Documents. |
Fr. | French (tongue). | jud. | judicial papers. |
Kaḍ. | Kaḍattuwa-nāḍụ. | Nom. | Nominative (case). |
KeiN. | Keivalya Navanītam. | NS. | Nyāya Shāstram. |
KM. | Kēralḷa Māhātmyam. | obj. | objective. |
KN. | Kēraḷa Nāṭakam [ki's Rām.). | obl. | oblique case. |
KR. | Kēraḷa Varma Rāmāyaṇam(Vālmī- | obs. | obsolete. |
KU. | Kēraḷa Utpatti. | obsc. | obscene. |
KumK | Kumārāharaṇa Katha. | Onap. | Ōṇa Pāṭṭụ. |
L. | Latin (tongue) | Onamat. | Onamatopœia (limitation of sound). |
lit. | literally. | opp. | opposite. |
loc. | Locative (case). | P. | Persian (tongue). |
LPS. | Laxmī Pārvatī Samwādam. | Palg. | Palghaut (district). |
M. | Malayāḷam (tongue). | Palg. exh. | do. exhibition 1867. |
m. | masculine gender. | part. | participle. |
Mahr. | Mahrathi (tongue). | pass. | passive. |
Mal. | Malabar (country). | Pat R. | Pātāḷa Rāmāyaṇam. |
Malap. | Malapuṙam (place). | Pay. | Payanūr Pāṭṭụ. |
Malay. | Malayan (tongue). | phil | philosophy. |
Mantr. | A collection of Mantrams. | pl. | plural (number). |
math. | mathematics. | pleon. | pleonastic. |
MC. | Mṛga Charitam (Cottayam). | Plin. | Pliny. |
med. | medical, medicinal | po. | poetic usage. |
met. | metaphorically. | Port. | Portugueso (tongue). |
milit. | military. [mams. | pos. | positive (opp. negative; degree). |
MM. | Marmamaṇy, old treatise on Mar- | p.p. | participle of the perfect passive (S.). |
mod. | modern. [Day.) | PP. | Puttan Pāna, Cottayam 1844. |
Mo. Pra. | Mōxadāyaka Prakaraṇam. (Mox. | PR. | Praṡna Rīti. |
Mpl. (Mapl.) | Mappiḷḷās, Malabar Mohammedans. | PrC. | Prahlāda Charitam. |
MP. (Matsy.). | Matsya Purāṇam. (1856.) | prec. | preceding. |
MR. | Collect Ch., Malayāḷam Reader. | prep. | preposition. |
Ms., MSS. | Manuscript, Manuscripts. [tram). | pres | present tense. |
Mud. | Mudrarāxasam (Chāṇakya Sū- | prh. | perhaps. |
myth. | mythology, mythological. | prob. | probably. |
Nal. | Naḷa Charitam. | pron. | pronoun. |
Nasr. | Nasrāṇis. | prov. | proverbs, proverbial. |
N. | Name, Noun, North. | PT. | Panchatantram, in 2 versions. |
n. | neuter gender; negative. | Ptol. | Ptolomy. |
neg. | negative. | q.v. | quod vide=which see. |
Neg V. | Negative Verb. | RamK. | Rāma Katha. |
Nid. | Nidānam, Cottayam. | RC. | Rāma Charitam. |
N.N. | Name and surname. | Rel. Part., Pron. | Relative Participle, Pronoun. |
No., NoM. | North, North Malabar. | rev., Rev. | revenue papers, revenue term. |
Rh. | Rheede's hortus malabaricus, 1689. | TR. | Tellicherry Records (chiefly A.D. 1796-1799). |
Rom. Cath. | Roman Catholic. | ||
RS. | Rāmāyaṇa Sankīrtanam. | tr. | transitive. |
S. | Sanscrit; South (region). | Trav. | Travancore (country). |
Sah. | Sahadēva Vākyam. | TrP. | Tiruwanantapura Panchāngam. |
Sah.M. | Sahya Māhātmyam. | ||
Sancr. | Sankrānti Māhātmyam. | Tu. | Tuḷu (tongue). |
Sank. Ach. | Shankara Āchārya's history(prose). | Turk. | Turkish (tongue). |
Scr. | Scriptural (Bible). | UmV. | Umēšāna vṛttam. |
SG. | Santāna Gōpālam (2 versions). | UR. | Uttara Rāmāyaṇam. |
ShV. | Shabari Vākyam. [etc.). | v. | verb. |
sic | =thus (so met with in Granthams | v. a. | active verb. |
SidD. | Siddhānta Dīpika. | v. i. | intransitive verb. |
Sil. | Shīlavati Pāṭṭụ. [ prefixes. | v. int. | intensive verb. |
simpl. | simple, i.e. verbor Noun without | v. iter. | iterative verb. |
sing. | singular (number). | v.n. | neuter verb. |
Si Pu. (SP.) | Shiva Purāṇam. | V. part. | Verbal participle. |
SiR. | Shiva-rātri Māhātmyam. | v. t. | transitive verb. |
Sit Vij. | Sītā Vijayam. | V. | verapoly dictionaries. |
Sit Vṛtt. | Sītā Vṛttam. | V1. | the 1st part, Mal. & Port. |
Sk. | Skāndam purāṇam. | V2. | the 2nd part, port. & Mal. |
Soc. | Social (case). | VCh. | Veirāgya chandrōdayam. |
So. Can. | South Canara. | Ved. | the Vedic language. |
So. & So M. | South, South Malabar. | Ved (t). D. | Vēdānta Daršanam. |
Som. | Sōmavāra-Pāṭṭụ. | Vednt. | Vēdānta treatise. |
Som. Mah. | Sōmavāra Māhātmyam. | Vetc. (VC.) | Vētāḷa Charitam. [ers). |
SSh. | Shilātāmra Shāsanaṅgal. | VeY. | Vēḍāyuddham (a poem about hunt- |
Stuti | different Stutis of Gods. | Vilvp. | Vilva Purāṇam. |
Such. Mah. | Shuchīndra Māhātmyam. | VivR. | Vivāda Ratnākaram. |
Superl. | Superlative. | VN. | Verbal Noun. |
superst. | superstition. | Voc | Vocative (case). |
Sr., Swarg. | several Swargārōhaṇam. | vu. | vulgar. |
Swarg Kaly. | Swargārōhṇa Kalyāṇam. | VyM. | Vyāvahāra Māla. |
Syr. | Syrian (tongue). | VyP. | Vyākaraṇa Pravēšam. |
T. | Tamil (tongue). | W. | Wilson's Vocabulary of Indian terms; West (region). |
t. | tense. | ||
Talip. | Taḷipaṙambu (district). | Winsl. | Winslow. Tam.-Engl. Dict. (1862). |
Tantr. | Tantra-sangraham. | 5. | the five Dravidian languages: Ta- mil, Telugu, Ċanarese, Tuḷu and Malayāḷam. |
Tatw. | Tattwa-gnānam. | ||
Tdbh. | Tadbhavam. | ||
Te. | Tẹlugu (tongue). | 4. | four of id. (with the exception of the one given). |
Tell. | Tellicherry (district). | √ | Root. |
temp. | temporal. | - l - | repetition of the preceding word. |
Ti. | Tīppu Katha. | Numbers after words refer to the pages of the Dictionary. |
|
TP. | Tachōḷi Pāṭṭụ. |